Translation Procedures

1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes  transliteration and is the  same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription".
Example: 
Cafe = Kafe   
Music = Musik

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82) adopt one word.
Example: 
Telephone = Telefon 
Administration = Administrasi
 
3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:
Baseball = Kasti    
Pray = Shalat
 
4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:
Dipper = Gayung 
Ladle = Centong
 
5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:  
Thanksgiving = Hari pernyataan terima kasih 
Halloween = Malam 31 Oktober

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114). 
Example: 
Father = ayah, orang tua , laki -laki
Brother = Saaudara, laki-laki

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84).
Example: 
Cute = Lucu
Fast = Gesit

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84).
Example: 
Post Office = Kantor Pos 
Oxford dictionary-Kamus Oxford

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86).
Example:  
Adept = Sangat terampil
No control= Tidak bisa mengendalikan


10..Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88). Example:   
You are going to have a child = Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.
I cut my finger = Jariku teriris

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89).
Example:
Egypt = Mesir 
USA = Amerika Serikat
 
12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90).
Example:
A pair of scissors = Sebuah gunting
Never did she visit her aunt = Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak menemui bibinya  
 
13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:  
Jet lag = kondisi fisiologi yang terganggu (sakit kepala, kelelahan) akibat perjalanan melintasi zona waktu yang berbeda.
Partenogenesis = sebutan untuk spesies yang dapat berkembang biak tanpa sperma pejantan. contoh: kutu air, komodo, dan kalkun
 
14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example: 
Radio = Radio (transference and naturalization)
Model = Model (transference and naturalization)
 
15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Pingxi Lantern Festival1
Songkran2
1: Festival pelepasan lampion di Taiwan dimana didalamnya terdapat harapan yang kita tulis.
2: Festival perayaan tahun baru di Thailand yang diadakan ketika musim panas dengan menyemprotkan air kepada orang-orang yang mereka temui di jalan.